Free Essays on Fay Weldon

Fay Weldon uses the setting of her story to teach a young woman a lesson in morality, and about life and love. This unnamed young woman narrates the story from the first person point of view, giving the reader a private glimpse into her inner struggle. I like how Weldon’s story is filled with irony, as the young woman seeks justification for an affair with a man who was, â€Å"supervising my thesis on varying concepts of morality and duty† (Weldon 147). As a married man, Peter is burdening her with the choice between her own morality and a struggle to be like her sister. The woman’s sister urges her to â€Å"just go for it, sister. If you can unhinge a marriage, it’s ripe for the unhinging, it would happen sooner or later, it might as well be you†. Weldon uses rain to bring Mrs. Piper into the story, though she is not present in Sarajevo. The young woman notes that every sidewalk is sheltered by â€Å"a shield of bobbing umbrellas†¦to keep the rain off the streets. Using the rain pouring down upon the main characters while the townsfolk remain sheltered, Weldon shows how exposed the two lovers are, and how Mrs. Piper, too, is affected by their actions. Peter complains that Princip’s footprints in the sidewalk are obscured by the rain, in much the same way that his lust for the young woman obscures the importance and pain of his wife. The inordinate affection that the young woman feels begins to wear off, starting a downpour, which is unstoppable until its inevitable conclusion. The rain continues to drive the storyline, forcing the woman and her lover to dine in a restaurant, under the scrutiny of the public eye. Under the watchful stare of the waiters, she finally sees herself as others do. â€Å"In a world which for once†¦was finally full of young men, unslaughtered, what was I doing with this man with thinning hair?† (150) Here the pieces fall into place, and the woman realizes that she is selfish in her pursuit of a marrie... Free Essays on Fay Weldon Free Essays on Fay Weldon Fay Weldon uses the setting of her story to teach a young woman a lesson in morality, and about life and love. This unnamed young woman narrates the story from the first person point of view, giving the reader a private glimpse into her inner struggle. I like how Weldon’s story is filled with irony, as the young woman seeks justification for an affair with a man who was, â€Å"supervising my thesis on varying concepts of morality and duty† (Weldon 147). As a married man, Peter is burdening her with the choice between her own morality and a struggle to be like her sister. The woman’s sister urges her to â€Å"just go for it, sister. If you can unhinge a marriage, it’s ripe for the unhinging, it would happen sooner or later, it might as well be you†. Weldon uses rain to bring Mrs. Piper into the story, though she is not present in Sarajevo. The young woman notes that every sidewalk is sheltered by â€Å"a shield of bobbing umbrellas†¦to keep the rain off the streets. Using the rain pouring down upon the main characters while the townsfolk remain sheltered, Weldon shows how exposed the two lovers are, and how Mrs. Piper, too, is affected by their actions. Peter complains that Princip’s footprints in the sidewalk are obscured by the rain, in much the same way that his lust for the young woman obscures the importance and pain of his wife. The inordinate affection that the young woman feels begins to wear off, starting a downpour, which is unstoppable until its inevitable conclusion. The rain continues to drive the storyline, forcing the woman and her lover to dine in a restaurant, under the scrutiny of the public eye. Under the watchful stare of the waiters, she finally sees herself as others do. â€Å"In a world which for once†¦was finally full of young men, unslaughtered, what was I doing with this man with thinning hair?† (150) Here the pieces fall into place, and the woman realizes that she is selfish in her pursuit of a marrie...

French Nasal Vowels for English Speakers

French Nasal Vowels for English Speakers When we speak of nasal vowels in French, we are referring to certain characteristically French vowel sounds that are produced by expelling air through the nose. All other French vowels sounds are pronounced mainly through the mouth, with no obstruction of the lips, tongue or throat. Nasal Vowels and Nasal Consonants Vowels followed by m or n, as in the words  un, on and an, are  nasal. Try to say them and youll see that air is expelled primarily through the nose, not the mouth. This doesnt hold  true, however, when the nasal consonants m or n are followed by another vowel. In this case, the vowel and consonant are both voiced. For example: un  Ã‚  Ã‚  nasalune  Ã‚  Ã‚  voiced There are also nasal vowels in English, but they are a bit different than French nasal vowels. In English, the nasal consonant (m or n) is pronounced and thus nasalizes the vowel that precedes it. In French, the vowel is nasal and the consonant is not pronounced. Compare the following: French  Ã‚  on  Ã‚  anEnglish  Ã‚  own  Ã‚  on French Vowels in General Overall, French vowels share a few characteristics:   Most French vowels are pronounced further forward in the mouth than their English counterparts.The tongue must remain tensed throughout the pronunciation of the vowel.French vowels do not form diphthongs, which is  a sound produced by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another (as in  coin,  loud  and  side  ).  In English, vowels tend to be followed by a y sound (after a, e, i) or a w sound (after o, u). In French, this is not the case: The vowel sound remains constant; it does not change into a y or w sound. Thus, the French vowel has  a purer sound than the English vowel. In addition to nasal vowels, there are other categories of French vowels as well. Hard and Soft Vowels In French, a,  o, and  u  are known as hard vowels while e  and  i  are considered soft vowels, because of certain consonants (c,  g,  s) change pronunciation (hard or soft), in agreement with the vowel that follows them. If theyre followed by a soft vowel, these consonants become soft as well, as in manger and là ©ger. If theyre followed by a hard vowel, they, too, become hard, as in the name Guy. Vowels With Accent Marks Physical  accent  marks on letters, a required feature of French orthography,  can and often do change the pronunciation of vowels, as in the scores of French es with either accent  grave  (pronounced eh) or the acute accent  aigue (pronounced ay).

Small business in nigeria (management subject) Essay

Small business in nigeria (management subject) - Essay Example Entrepreneurs have a desire to be the master of themselves and have a high degree of commitment. Thus, instead of working for someone else, they choose to start up a small-business of their own. (Longnecker, Moore, Petty J. and Palich, 2005). When it comes to small-business, there is no set definition since different experts tend to define a small business differently. There are many factors through which small businesses are defined, including factors like size of the company, revenue, profits, operations, etc. The Bolton committee for instance has devised a definition of a small business called the economic definition. The economic definition is a more qualitative definition that emphasizes that a firm is called small when it has a relatively smaller chunk of the total market share of the industry, it is managed by owners in an informal and highly personalized environment and does not have a formal structure and that it is not a part of any large concern or a corporation and operates independently. (Corman, and Lussier, 2008). On the other hand, the European Commission defines a small business quantitatively. They coined a term Small & Medium Enterprise (SME) to refer to a small business. According to the European Commission, a business is a micro-enterprise if it has 0 to 9 employees, it is a small-enterprise if it has 10 to 99 employees and it is a medium-enterprise if it has 100 to 499 employees working under its umbrella. Organizations with employees 500 and above are hence called large-enterprises. Thus, a small business, in its true essence, is basically any firm that has a relatively smaller number of employed workers, has a small concern in the market, has a very informal organizational structure etc., however, at the end of the day, the exact measurement of any business as â€Å"small† is still a very vague concept and experts and analysts have thus been interpreting it differently according to the given situation and the circumstances.

The Aubrey-Maturin Series of Novels by Patrick O'Brian Article

The Aubrey-Maturin Series of Novels by Patrick O'Brian - Article Example The Aubrey-Maturin novels depict historical events took place during Napoleonic wars at the beginning of the 19th century. O'Brian does not follow a strict chronological order depicting events from 1801-1813, and 1813-1814. The uniqueness is that O'Brian vividly portrays cultural and religious settings and values of the epoch, its historical significance and social traditions. Two main characters, Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin may be compared in matters of general cultural background, including politics and religion, as well as in three key elements of natural philosophy: the anatomical emphasis on pre-adapted functional design, the treatment of extinction, and the belief in fixity rather than transformation. All of these topics help define Maturin's patterns of thinking as a naturalist and shed light on subtly significant moments within the novels. Maturin was educated among the philosophes of the French Enlightenment, but both men, Aubrey and Maturin, also maintained a political and religious conservatism that some people found incongruous (King, 2001). The Aubrey-Maturin novels carry out the paradoxical process of instruction found in the most interesting historical fiction: at the same time they make readers conversant with ideas, tropes, and habits of an earlier world, they also perform the noble literary work of defamiliarization. In creating a compelling vision of natural philosophy, O'Brian makes room for a lost paradigm that seems oddly fresh, for all its scientific antiquity. He revives a naturalist's dream of preternatural design that has become increasingly difficult to imagine. O'Brian portrays that Maturin and Aubrey came to detest what grew from the Revolution and turned away from its democratic principles (King, 2001). In The Wine-Dark Sea, when Maturin meets up with a French utopian named Dutourd, he initially tempers his criticism with some sympathy (Teachout, 2003). Dutourd seems to be "a good benevolent man" led astray by that "mumping villain Rousseau and later by his passionate belief in his own system, based it was true on a hatred of poverty, war and injustice, but also on the assumption that men were naturally and equally good, needing only a firm, friendly hand to set them on the right path, the path to the realization of their full potentialities. This, of course, entailed the abolition of the present order, which had so perverted them, and of the established churches" (O'Brian 2004, p. 32). O'brian's assessment reveals his lingering attraction to revolutionary promises, but, he values established religious and social order above the systems of ideologues. Nor does he believe in the natural equality of humans (King, 2001). As Adrian Desmond has shown, French and British radicals of the period saw a linkage between the atomistic materialism of biology; in which all forms of life developed from a common origin, and revolutionary political theories based on natural equality. Maturin reject both the natural and political philosophy of democratic atomism (Teachout, 2003). When asked by Dutourd what he thinks of democracy, Maturin replies that "he did not think the policy that put Socrates to death and that left Athens prostrate was the highest expression of human wisdom," and he cites Aristotle's "definition of democracy as mob-rule, the depraved version of a commonwealth" (O'Brian 2004, p.

Public and Private Sectors Essay Example for Free

Public and Private Sectors Essay * Public sector has an influence in tourism business. It is essential to outline the main policy instruments used by governments in order to manage tourism. * Public bodies influence tourism sector either directly, through organization with responsibility for tourism, which include: establishment of infrastructure, information services and creation of tourist attractions and facilities. Or, indirectly, through foreign policies and legal controls, the commercial sector of tourism industry can operate successfully, co-ordinating, promotional and regulatory role in tourism provision, and conservation of the physical and socio-cultural resources that attract tourists to destination. * Governments use demand and revenue management in order to influence demand in the industry by: marketing and promotion, information provision and network development, pricing, controlling access to the destination, safety and security. Supply and cost management are operated by environmental control, building regulations, market regulations, market research and planning, taxation, ownership, education and training and investment incentives. * Private Sector Improve the overall quality of products and services within the tourism industry (all tourism-related accommodation, restaurants, tour guides, tour operators, and other tourism-related service providers); raise the levels of demand nationally, regionally and internationally; promote competiveness within the industry; and, provide valuable and reliable information on quality standards for the tourist and the travel industry. * Provide intensive training to local communities/ private sector in various aspects of development and management of tourism businesses, and hospitality skills to provide them with better opportunities to seek employment in the tourism sector. * Comprehensive general and area-specific development guidelines for tourism zones with specific urban designing, land use planning and infrastructure planning.

Essay --

Title: Effectiveness of analgesia for pain management in patients with Sickle Cell Disease Introduction: Patient X was a 29-year-old male patient with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Aside from the complications associated with SCD such as opportunistic infections and vaso-occulsive episodes, which led to intense episodes of pain, he had no other co-morbidities. Patient X ran a family import business, which required frequent local and overseas travel. During the interview, Patient X repeatedly vocalized that the unpredictable onset and the manifestations of its symptoms was interfering with his quality of life in terms of economic cost (loss of business opportunities) and sleep. During acute episodes of pain, depending on its severity, Patient X would either contact his local GP for a prescription of painkillers or present himself at the Emergency Department (ED) to seek relief from his pain. SCD affects individuals with sub-Saharan African, Caribbean and Mediterranean ancestry. With a prevalence rate of more than 100,000 people in the United States alone and an incidence rate of 1 in 500 births among African-Americans, SCD is a major public health concern. (Givens et al. 2007, p. 239) Sickle Cell Pain (SCP) is a common feature in patients with SCD. It is characterised by episodes of severe pain. As pain management is primarily pharmaceutical in nature, the use of analgesia is of crucial importance in maintaining a patient’s quality of life. In SCP, the two major classes of analgesia used are non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS) and opioids. (See Table 1) First hand accounts from Patient X during interview in addition to a literature review which will be discussed later in this article highlights major psychosocial and medi... ... ED clinician attitudes, practice patterns as well as low addiction rates in this population should be highlighted to allow intervention. Following this, initiatives to improve ED management of acute sickle cell disease pain could promote more efficient ways to manage SCD pain, better dissemination of national guidelines, and efforts to improve negative physician attitudes toward SCD patients. Because of the complex nature of SCP, ideally there should be increased collaboration between front-line physicians such as the General practitioner and the Emergency Physician with subject matter specialists such as an Anaesthetist (to address acute and chronic pain management issues) and Haematologist (to treat the underlying pathophysiology of SCD). This multidisciplinary approach will not only to decrease adverse outcomes, but also increase the patient’s quality of life.

Allelopathic Effect of S. Macrophylla on the Growth of V. Radiata Seedlings

Allelopathic effect of S. macrophylla on the growth of V. radiata seedlings Thea Philea I. Mostralesa, Greeny Joy A. Perucho, Rhoshela Vi C. Rendon, John Gregor A. Rono, Emmerson P. Rullog, Riffcord R-Denz M. Tabula Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City (a Thea Philea I. Mostrales, e-mail: theaphilea. [email  protected] com) ABSTRACT Swietenia macrophylla, or commonly known as the mahogany tree in the Philippines, is an introduced species of the family Meliaceae that is commonly used for lumber and reforestation projects.However, based on studies, it is shown that the mahogany tree has inhibitory effects that affect adjacent growing plants. This is made possible chemically and is referred to generally as allelopathy. This study aimed to determine is S. macrophylla had any adverse effects to the growth of plants in close proximity to it. The researchers selected three mahogany trees and planted six plots of differeing distances with each plot containing ten monggo seedlings.The results obtained indicate that there is no significant difference between the growth of monggo seedlings growing near the mahogany tree to that of monggo seedling growing near the control tree based on the analysis done on the seedlings’ height, weight and survival rate. Results also indicate that distance of the seedlings from the S. macrophylla has no effect on the intensity of inhibition of the growth of the V. radiata.The results obtained can be attributed to factors that include the texture of soil, fine-textures soil having been proven to have a greater retention capacity of allelochemicals than coarse-textures soils. Also, allelopathic interactions include both promontory and inhibitory activities of phenolic allelochemicals and thus using seed germination as a bioassay parameter may be of little value. KEY WORDS: Swietenia macrophylla, allelopathy, growth of monggo seedlings, inhibitory effect of mahogany, introduced species INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Swietenia macrophylla, commonly known in the Philippines as mahogany, is a member of the order Sapindales, under family Meliaceae. It is a large, fast-growing, semi-evergreen tree, popular for landscaping, especially in North American and Carribean countries, where it has a vulnerable status as provided by CITES (Oldfield 1995), and for its strong wood for lumber. This tree was first introduced in the Philippines as early as 1907, and 1913 as part of the Mt. Makiling forest.It is currently used in the Philippines as a lumber tree and utilized in many reforestation projects. However, studies have shown that however beneficial S. macrophylla may be to the Philippine economy and to its environment, it also displays adverse effects to the Philippine wildlife. As a recently introduced species, the said tree has been unable to produce a natural web of life around it; there are no natural consumers of mahogany in the country, an d as such, the area around the tree will not be populated by native fauna immediately.It is also suspected that mahogany leaves contain allelopathic compounds. In a study conducted by P. Thinley in 2002, it was shown that S. macrophylla leaves inhibited the growth of Pterocarpus indicus. Allelopathic compounds inhibit growth and development of other plants when introduced to them. Allelopathy is the production of a certain plant of such compounds and should not to be confused with competition, which may or may not involve allelopathy. Allelopathy is common in the plant kingdom, spread out in random fashion across orders.Some plants are deemed invasive due to their allelopathic nature and mahogany trees are not exempt. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study aimed to determine if S. macrophylla can adversely affect the growth of plants in close proximity to it and specifically sought to answer the following questions: 1) Does mahogany affect the growth of newly planted seedlings based on the seedlings’ height and weight? 2) Is there a significant difference between the growth of seedlings within the proximity of the mahogany tree to that of seedlings within the proximity of a different tree? ) Is there a significant difference between the survival rate of the seedlings within the proximity of the mahogany to that of seedlings within the proximity of a different tree? HYPOTHESIS The mahogany tree has no effect on the growth of newly planted seedlings. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study aimed to determine the effect of the mahogany tree on the growth of monggo seedlings based solely on the seedlings’ weight and height after a specified amount of time.Other possible factors that might affect the growth of the seedlings like availability of sunlight, presence of possible predators and competition with other plants in the vicinity were not included and was not accounted for in the analysis of the data obtained. MATERIALS & METHODS The researchers used monggo (Vigna radiata) as the subject plant. A frequent model plant for laboratory work in Philippine schools, V. radiata is known to be easily grown, requires little maintenance and is fast-growing, which makes it ideal for an experiment limited to a few weeks.Monggo seeds were allowed to germinate by soaking the seeds overnight. Three mahogany trees located along Beta Way in the University of the Philippines Diliman Campus were chosen based on their proximity to other trees. Since competition with other flora could affect the results, it was made sure that the mahogany trees were at least three meters away from the other trees. They were marked as T1, T2 and T3. An acacia tree, Samanea saman, with similar conditions to the experimental trees, particularly to its proximity to other trees, was chosen as the control tree and was marked as T0.To standardize the direction of planting on each tree, angles of 200 east of north and 200 west of south were used to mark radii of 3m each on the north and south side of the tree, respectively. The plots were cleaned and cleared of grass and other flora. Each radius was divided equally into three segments on each segment 10 monggo seeds were planted with a 10cm-interval per seed. Seeds planted on the north side were labelled as N1, N2 and N3 for segments positioned 1m, 2m and 3m away from the tree respectively.The labelling system was used for the south segments. The seeds were uprooted on the 9th day. Seedlings from the same segment were grouped together. The heights of the seedlings were measured using a ruler from the apex of its leaves to the tip of the roots. To standardize the measurement of the height of the seedlings, the roots were cut off at the point where the taproot has become soft and fibrous. The seedlings were then weighed using a top-loading balance. The averages of the height and weight of each segment were then determined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSwietenia macrophylla is known to have inhibitory effec ts that affect adjacent growing plants. This is made possible chemically and is referred to generally as allelopathy. â€Å"The term allelopathy was coined by Molisch in 1937 to refer to biochemical interactions between all types of plants, including microorganisms traditionally placed in the plant kingdom†(Waller 1987). It is defined by Rice (1984) as any direct or indirect beneficial or harmful effect of one plant, including microorganisms, on the other through release of chemicals to the environment.Phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, fatty acids, steroids and many other different secondary metabolites can act as allechemicals (Rice 1984; Waller 1987; Inderjit et al. 1995). â€Å"However, the mere presence of these chemicals does not establish allelopathy, to demonstrate their involvement in allelopathy, it is important to establish 1)their direct release or indirect origin from plant-derived materials in the environment and 2) that the chemicals are present in sufficient quantities and persist for a sufficient time in soil to affect plant species or microbes† (Putnam & Tang 1986).Allelopathy is different to competition; the latter defined as the removal or reduction of factors from the environment which are vital to survivability, by some other plant or microorganism sharing the same habitat. Allelopathic chemicals, or allelochemicals, are released by higher plants through several mechanisms. These are volatilization, exudation from roots, leaching from leaves or stem by rain,dew or fog, and from decomposition of residues that contain the allelochemicals. Low molecular weight allelochemicals such as those belonging to terpenes are dispersed by volatilization.Nonvolatile allelochemicals such as alkaloids accumulate on plant surface and find their way to the soil by being leached by rainwater. Allelochemicals secreted through root exudation are of several classes. Some are alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, and many other types. Al lelochemicals not directly secreted by the plant, in which some pigments are an example, but reach the soil by being released through the decomposition of the plant part that contains them (Leicach et al 2009). In the S. acrophylla, allelochemicals are released by the decomposition of leaf litter. S. macrophylla leaves are a source of tannins, which is evident on the reddish brown color of the dry leaves. Tannins are phenolic compounds that also function as an allelochemical. In February, mature S. macrophyllatrees shed their leaves, which will start to decompose on the ground and consequently release tannins from the cells. Aqueous extracts from the leaves of the S. macrophylla has been shown to retard the growth of Pterocarpus indicuss eedlings (Thinley 2002). Several hydrolysable and condensed tannins were identified as growth and germination inhibitors in dry fruit, growth retarders of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in several plants, and as reducers of seedling growth in several plan ts† (Waller 1987). According to the data and the statistical analyses, the Swietenia macrophylla has no significant effect to the height, weight and survival rate of the Vigna radiate seedlings compared to height, weight and survival rate of the seedlings planted near the Samanea saman. The inhibitory effects exhibited by the S. acrophylla may have been too little or inconsistent to cause a significant change on the growth of the seedlings throughout the duration of the experiment. The compared values of the height, weight and survival rate of seedlings planted near the S. macrophyllaand S. saman are shown in table 1, table 2, and table 3 respectively. The effectiveness of allelochemicals produced by S. macrophylla may have been affected by certain factors. Tannins have been shown to be bound by the humic material I of the soil and presumably inactivated (Waller 1987).The texture of soil has been proved to affect the effectiveness of allelochemicals, favouring fine-textured th an coarse-textured soil, and evidence indicates that the greater retention capacity of fine-textured soils for at least some allelochemicals may be important in the accumulation of physiologically active concentrations of these chemicals (Waller 1987). This may have been the factor that reduced the effects of the allelochemicals involved in our experiment, owing to the beta way’s coarser soil composition. It is also proven that allelochemicals are decomposed in the soil, either abiotically or by microorganisms (Waller 1987).It is also observed that distance of the seedlings from the S. macrophylla has no effect on the intensity of inhibition of the growth of the V. radiata. The effect of distance to the height, weight and survival rate of the seedlings is seen in table 4, table 5 and table 6 respectively. This observation may have resulted from the mechanism in which the allelopathic tannins are dispersed. On the site of the study, the leaf litter covering the soil surroundin g the tree also covered to plots, which meant that the plots may have received variable amounts of allelochemicals as these leached when rains fell.The type of experimentation done was also a factor in investigating the inhibitory effects of allelochemicals. Authors argue whether seed germination is an efficient test in finding out allelopathic potential of phenolic compounds; seed germination is an important parameter for evaluating allelopathic potential of phenolic compounds (Rice, 1984; Waller, 1987), However, using seed germination as a bioassay parameter may be of little value (Stowe, 1979; Inderjit & Dakshini, 1995a). This is because allelopathic interactions include both promontory and inhibitory activities of phenolic allelochemicals.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to the following who contributed with the completion of this research: * First of all, to the Almighty God, to whom the researchers dedicate this research study. * To their families and friends who served as their inspirations and the source of very much needed support. * Ms. Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez, for her support and guidance and for lending us pink ribbons for our experiment. * Mr. James LaFrankie, for his contribution to the success of this research study. CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL AUTHORSThea Philea Mostrales – Analysis of data, abstract of paper, SP proper Greeny Joy Perucho – Introduction and Methodology of paper, SP proper Rhoshela Vi Rendon – Analysis of data, tables, SP proper John Gregor Rono – Results and discussion of paper, SP proper Emmerson Rullog – Introduction and Methodology, SP proper Riffcord R-Denz Tabula – Results and discussion, SP proper REFERENCES Leicach, S. R. , Sampietro D. A. , Narwal, S. S. , â€Å"Allelochemicals: Role in Plant Environment Interaction†, Studium Press 2009 â€Å"Plant phenolics in allelopathy. † The Botanical Review. New York Botanical Garden. 996. HighBeam Research. 4 April 2013 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 4 April 2013 Thinley P. 2002. â€Å"Negative interaction between large leaf mahogany (*Swietenia macrophylla  King) and some indigenous tree secies in lowland forest of Mt. Makiling – allelopathy, a possible cause? †Ã‚  Unpublished B. S. Forestry Thesis, UPLB-CFNR. Waller, G. R. , â€Å"Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry†, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1987 TABLES Table 1. Independent Samples T-test of the Height of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level | Levene's Test for Equality of Variances| t-test for Equality of Means| | F| Sig. | t| df| Sig. (2-tailed)| Mean Difference| Std. Error Difference| 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference| | | | | | | | | Lower| Upper| height| Equal variances assumed| . 167| . 704| . 737| 4| . 502| 1. 000428290| 1. 357522153| -2. 768657 448| 4. 769514028| | Equal variances not assumed| | | . 737| 3. 900| . 503| 1. 000428290| 1. 357522153| -2. 807242567| 4. 808099147| Table 2.Independent Samples T-test of the Weight of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level | Levene's Test for Equality of Variances| t-test for Equality of Means| | F| Sig. | t| df| Sig. (2-tailed)| Mean Difference| Std. Error Difference| 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference| | | | | | | | | Lower| Upper| weight| Equal variances assumed| . 344| . 589| -. 445| 4| . 679| -. 006665782| . 014968143| -. 048224010| . 034892446| | Equal variances not assumed| | | -. 445| 3. 819| . 680| -. 006665782| . 014968143| -. 049013784| . 035682220| Table 3. Independent Samples T-test of the Survival Rate of Monggo Plants at 0. 5 significance level | Levene's Test for Equality of Variances| t-test for Equality of Means| | F| Sig. | t| df| Sig. (2-tailed)| Mean Difference| Std. Error Difference| 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference| | | | | | | | | Lower| U pper| weight| Equal variances assumed| . 344| . 589| -. 445| 4| . 679| -. 006665782| . 014968143| -. 048224010| . 034892446| | Equal variances not assumed| | | -. 445| 3. 819| . 680| -. 006665782| . 014968143| -. 049013784| . 035682220| Table 4. ANOVA of the Height of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level | Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | Between Groups| 14. 889| 2| 7. 44| 4. 598| . 062*| Within Groups| 9. 715| 6| 1. 619| | | Total| 24. 604| 8| | | | *no significant difference Table 5. ANOVA of the Weight of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level | Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | Between Groups| . 003| 2| . 001| 1. 960| . 221*| Within Groups| . 005| 6| . 001| | | Total| . 008| 8| | | | *no significant difference Table 6. ANOVA of the Survival Rate of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level | Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | Between Groups| . 011| 2| . 005| . 487| . 637*| Within Groups| . 065| 6| . 011| | | Total| . 076| 8| | | | *no significa nt differenceTable 7. Average Height, Weight, and Survival Rate of Monggo Plants Tree| Distance from tree (m)| Height (cm)| Weight (g)| Survival Rate| T0| 1| 16. 67| 0. 2361| 0. 9| | 2| 15. 49| 0. 2347| 0. 95| | 3| 13. 15| 0. 2074| 0. 95| T1| 1| 16. 21| 0. 2255| 1. 0| | 2| 17. 02| 0. 2567| 0. 75| | 3| 16. 73| 0. 2380| 0. 75| T2| 1| 13. 00| 0. 1688| 0. 8| | 2| 18. 99| 0. 2553| 0. 85| | 3| 16. 55| 0. 2340| 1. 0| T3| 1| 14. 22| 0. 1884| 0. 95| | 2| 16. 86| 0. 1928| 0. 9| | 3| 15. 07| 0. 2183| 0. 9| T0 = controlled tree: S. saman T1 = 1st replicate of S. macrophylla T2 =2nd replicate of S. macrophylla T3 = 3rd replicate of S. macrophylla

History of Bareilly Essay

The region has, also, acted as a mint for a major part of its history. From archaeological point of view the district of Bareilly is very rich. The extensive remains of Ahichhatra, the Capital town of Northern Panchala have been discovered near Ramnagar village of Aonla Tehsil in the district. It was during the first excavations at Ahichhatra (1940–44) that the painted grey ware, associated with the advent of the Aryans in Ganga Yamuna Valley, was recognised for the first time in the earliest levels of the site. Nearly five thousand coins belonging to periods earlier than that of Guptas have been yielded from Ahichhatra. It has also been one of the richest sites in India from the point of view of the total yield of terracotta. Some of the masterpieces of Indian terracotta art are from Ahichhatra. In fact the classification made of the terracotta human figurines from Ahichhatra on grounds of style and to some extent stratigraphy became a model for determining the stratigraphy of subsequent excavations at other sites in the Ganga Valley. On the basis of the existing material, the archaeology of the region helps us to get an idea of the cultural sequence from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC up to the 11th c. AD. Some ancient mounds in the district have also been discovered by the Deptt. of Ancient History and culture, Rohilkhand University, at Tihar-Khera (Fatehganj West), Pachaumi, Rahtuia, Kadarganj and Sainthal. [2]

The Zodiac Killer Story Literature Essay

The Zodiac Killer Story Literature Essay The Zodiac Killer Story Literature Essay Sample The Zodiac Killer Story Literature Essay Sample Stories about serial killers have always stirred the blood of the readers; very often policemen were able to catch the killers, but sometimes the murderers managed to evade the legal retribution. Zodiac was one of the most famous uncaught killers. This maniac is memorable for a series of mocking letters to the local press accompanied with mysterious coded messages. Usually, a standard maniac face is an explicit notorious sociopath with a moral trauma received in childhood. This cruel killer chose a nickname â€Å"Zodiac†; he mentioned it in a series of mocking letters sent to the local newspapers. The cryptograms, which, according to Zodiac, revealed his identity, were applied to the letters. There were four cryptograms in total, and the police managed to decipher only one. For nearly 25 years he held at bay the entire San Francisco, and for over 37 years the Zodiac Killer escaped prosecution from law enforcement due to a combination of factors (Farmer, 2007, p.29). This paper will analyze the behavior of a cruel killer Zodiac and describe his murders. The date of Zodiac’s birthday is unknown, so his story begins from the date of the first murder 20 December 1968. Butterfield (2012) relates that that day, late in the evening college students – a 16-year-old Betty Lou Jensen and a 17-year-old David Faraday were on their first date in the car on a small parking lot on the edge of the highway in the vicinity of the lake near the town of Vallejo (CA). There they were caught by death, which came in the form of a man with a gun. David died in a cabin by a single bullet, Betty managed to jump out of the car and tried to run away – her body stricken with 5 bullets was found in more than 10 meters from the car. The traces of sexual violence were absent. The bodies were found a few minutes after the murder, but policemen were unable to detain the murderer, who escaped in his car. Six months later, in July 1969, another murder was committed. Darlene Ferrin and Michael Mageau parked their car when someone came up to the v ehicle. A man came out, shined his flashlight, and shot them both. Then he got into his car and drove away. Ferrin died, but Mageau survived and was able to tell about it. The very next day, a man called the police and said that he was a murderer. September 27, 1969, the students Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard spent time at a picnic by the Berryessa Lake. A man in a hood and black glasses approached them. He identified himself as an escaped convict and, threatening with a pistol, forced Cecilia to tie Bryan. Later he tied Cecilia, took out a knife and inflicted many knife wounds to the couple. Soon, he called the police himself to tell about crime with ridicule. Shepard died of her injuries, but Hartnell survived (Butterfield, 2012). In October 11, 1969 a taxi driver Paul Stine was killed in his car by the passenger; Zodiac cleaned all his traces by a piece of the victim’s shirt (Butterfield, 2012). Three teenagers saw him and made up a description of the killer, but he was never caught. On the night of March 22, 1970, being seven months pregnant, Kathleen Johns with her little daughter was driving to her mother in Modesto. The driver behind her stopped and signaled. The man told her that something had gone wrong with the car and offered his help. Kathleen and her daughter got into the car. The man drove more than hour without stopping; then he said he was going to kill them. At an intersection, Kathleen and her daughter jumped out of the car and hid in a field. The man tried to find them but then he gave up and drove away. Jones got to the police and confirmed that they were kidnapped by a man who looked like a sketch, drawn on the description of the murderer by Paul Stein. Speaking to the authorities with the help of reporters, Zodiac taunted police in inaction in his letters and ciphers. In total, the editors of various newspapers in California received about 20 letters and postcards from Zodiac. When investigating cases like the Zodiac Killer case, it is important to stick to the evidence derived from what the serial killer provided publicly to the police and the newspapers. The longer that a case such as this goes unsolved, the more theories about the case are heaped upon older theories to eventually create a zone of silence away from the truth (p.29). The investigation of Zodiac’s figure continued for many years. Zodiac disappeared for a while and reappeared after some years. Sometimes, the police began to doubt that it was Zodiac who committed the murder, not some imitator. Policemen put forward different versions and found more and more suspects. It makes no sense to analyze each of them, but some versions were unique and worth mentioning. According to one version, Zodiac was not one person, but an organized gang in which different people killed. Actually, this version had only one advantage – it compensated the deficiencies of the version of one killer, whose track could not be found. According to another version Zodiac did not stop his activities, and retrained into the murderer of Santa Rosa (a town in California), who killed 14 girls in the years 1972-1975 and also stayed uncaught. Now only enthusiasts were involved in the searches. They exchanged information and versions on their website and even filmed a documentary Hunting the Zodiac dedicated to their searches. The exact number of victims of Zodiac is unknown. In his letters, he took the blame for seven murders. Another thirty killings are similar to his crimes by handwriting†, but there is no evidence that they were committed by Zodiac, not imitators. The most famous serial killers of America are the subject of a mass cult, along with Hollywood actors or singers. One of the creators of the American pop culture, Andy Warhol once said that everyone can get their 15 minutes of fame. So, why they cannot be provided for a mass murderer? Autographs, biographies, invariably becoming bestsellers, documentari es and feature films, TV shows, interviews rating – all these made people like Charles Manson, Ted Bundy or Jeffrey Damner no less recognizable personalities than Mick Jagger and Bob Dylan. Zodiac was the first killer who received from the hands of newsmen his 15 minutes of fame and stubbornly refused to give them back. Encrypted messages of the psychopath looked at the reader from the front pages of all major newspapers; the maniac infected with his madness through the streams of respected radio stations. Of course, all that should be attributed not only to Zodiac but also to the people he killed. Newspaper circulations and ratings rose skywards steadily. The case of Zodiac was the first such case in the United States when the killer surrounded himself with glory. He committed a crime and wrote about it in the newspapers, trying to intimidate the entire community. However, he seemed to transform into a comic book anti-hero: he wore masks, invented a name for himself, sent encrypted messages, and called the police after murders. He behaved very confidently as if he had not fear of punishment. However, the police and journalists undervalued him. Zodiac tried to create an image of an unbalanced psychopath. He said that he liked killing people because it is funny. This is funnier than killing wild animals in the forest because the man is the most dangerous animal. He tossed evidence to police (for example, a glove in a taxi). Also, he threatened to shoot children, sent drawings of bombs, deliberately left witnesses alive in order to make fun of policemen. In his letters, he liked to count the victims. Zodiac â€Å"helped† police in their searches, knowing that they would not reach him. The matter was further complicated by the fact that real crazies called the hotline, calling themselves Zodiac. The following features are specific to the attacks committed by Zodiac: the victims were young people; very often they were couples; the attacks occurred on weekends or public holidays; the criminal acted in the dark or in twilight; robbery or sexual underlying reason did not motivate the crimes; the killer used a variety of weapons; the offender tended to claim the crimes were committed by him; the victim was in the car or near it; and finally all the crimes were committed by the water or objects whose names are associated with water. Without any exaggeration Zodiac can be called Jack the Ripper of the 20th century – it is the most famous uncaught serial killer of the past century. Five dead and two injured victims belong to his credit. Zodiac is the mythical and monumental figure that demands an exclusive approach. His personality causes interest to criminologists and fans; they create versions and produce books trying to understand his secrets. Zodiac committed each murder with a new type of weapon. He wrote 26 letters to the police and the San Francisco Chronicle editorial. The most amazing thing is that so far no one managed to prove conclusively that all the murders are attributed to Zodiac and the letters and speeches on the radio were the acts of one and the same person.

Italian Indefinite Articles - Articoli Indeterminativi

Italian Indefinite Articles - Articoli Indeterminativi The Italian indefinite article (larticolo indeterminativo) corresponds to English  a/an  and is used with singular nouns. It also corresponds to the number  one. INDEFINITE ARTICLES MASCHILE FEMMINILE uno zio (uncle) una zia (aunt) un cugino (cousin, m.) una cugina (cousin, f.) un amico (friend, m.) unamica (friend, f.) Uno  is used for masculine words beginning with  z  or  s  Ã‚  consonant;  un  is used for all other masculine words.  Una  is used for feminine words beginning with a consonant;  un’  is used for feminine words beginning with a vowel. un treno e una biciclettaun aeroplano e un’automobileuno stadio e una stazione How to Use Italian Indefinite Articles​ In Italian, an article is the variable part of  discourse  that appears before the  noun  to specify the gender and number of the noun. An  adjective  can be placed between the article and noun: Il  viaggio  in Turchia à ¨Ã‚  una  buona  idea per  le  prossime  vacanze.The trip to Turkey is a good idea for your next vacation. È  stato  un  viaggio  molto  interessante.It was a very interesting trip. I  ragazzi si alzino in piedi,  le  ragazze restino sedute.The boys stand up, the girls remain seated. Lo  sport à ¨Ã‚  unattivit salutare per  gli  adolescenti.Sport is a healthy pursuit for teenagers. NOTE: The article gives value to the noun and any other part of speech it precedes: Il  mangiar  troppo  non  giova  alla  salute.Overeating is not conducive to ones health. Lo strano  della storia à ¨ che nessuno udà ¬ lo sparo.The odd part of the story is that no one heard the shot. Bene,  il pià ¹Ã‚  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚  fatto!Well, the job is done! In Italian, an article can either be a  definite article  (articolo determinativo), an indefinite article (articolo indeterminativo), or a  partitive article  (articolo partitivo). Indefinite ArticleIn Italian, the indefinite article is placed before the noun to indicate a generic, uncountable noun. It is also used before the names of professions as well as with common names or surnames to indicate a work of art. In English, indefinite articles correspond to the terms a and an. It has the following forms: MASCULINE (singular):  un,  unoFEMININE (singular):  una,  un un  is  used before a masculine noun that starts with a vowel or consonant: un  amicoa friend un  giornoone day un  tavoloa table NOTE:  un  is  never followed by an apostrophe. uno  pressed a word that starts with:  »Ã‚  s  impura  (s   consonant) uno  scontrinoa receipt uno  specchioa mirror uno  svagoa diversion  »Ã‚  y  semiconsonantica  (semivowel y) uno  yogurta yogurt uno  yachta yacht  »Ã‚  gn,  ps,  x, and  z uno  gnomoa gnome uno  psicologoa psychologist uno  xenofoboa xenophobic uno  zainoa backpack una  is used before a feminine word that begins with a consonant: una  madrea mother una  ziaan aunt un  is used before a feminine word that begins with a vowel: unautomobilea car unamicaa friend NOTE: The indefinite article has no plural form; however it can be implied:  »Ã‚  by omitting the article: Leggo  giornali.I am reading newspapers. Mangio pere e mele.I am eating pears and apples.  »Ã‚  with the partitive article, with the suggestion of  qualche,  alcuni, or  un  po di: Prendo caffà ¨ e  dei  biscotti.Im having coffee and biscuits. Vorrei  comprare  dei  libri.I would like to buy books.

Maria Full of Grace by Joshua Marston Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Maria Full of Grace by Joshua Marston - Essay Example Convinced that the job is easy and with great rewards, Maria flies to the USA with approximately sixty-tow pellets of cocaine that she swallowed, in her stomach. Nonetheless, not all the plans seemed to work as scheduled. Maria lands herself in a dangerous and deadly world where those who smuggle drugs face serious penalties including imprisonment or death sentence. Maria falls into the trap of Franklin who introduced her to the smuggling of cocaine. However, Franklin does not tell her directly regarding the smuggling of cocaine but, rather, gives her a business proposition involving traveling from one place to another. The traveling offered by Franklin is meant to give Maria some extra money to help catering for her family that has been depending on the meager salary obtained from the flower garden. Nevertheless, the traveling involved smuggling of drugs from one place to another in order to obtain the rewards promised by Franklin (Snyder 58). The fact that Maria gets pregnant from a man (Juan) she does not love compounds her problems. Even though she uses her pregnancy to avoid being X-rayed in a bid to finding out whether she is a drug mule following her suspicious movement, other mules find themselves in trouble, and this makes Maria escapes with Blanca. In the process, the traffickers kill Lucy as they open her up to retrieve the drug pellets (Snyder 89). When Maria and Blanca go to Lucy’s sister house to live there, they do inform her of Lucy’s death. Narrative Structure In a bid to pass his message, Joshua Marston creates a tension-filled drama of a woman who goes into smuggling of drugs due to poverty. The young energetic woman does all she can to pull herself out of the doldrums of poverty whilst also ensuring that every member of the family receives all the basic needs. Joshua Marston’s film does not spare the viewers of the frightening scenes and dimensions of being a drug mule. Such frightening scenes include swallowing of the 6 2 cocaine pellets, explosion of cocaine pellet in one of the co-workers leading to her death, as well as pressures from both drug dealers in the US and customs officers. In addition, the film director attempts to narrate the same ideas through bringing in death, dangers, betrayal, and violence that are common in societies (Snyder). Through Maria, Joshua Marston brings out the idea of courage and determination that every individual should possess. There is no doubt that Joshua displays a humanistic picture of a young woman’s solitary life that is ready to accomplish her mission, irrespective of the method applicable. According to her, the result justifies the means, contrary to the usual moral way of the society where the means should justify the result. The author narrates about such a life within the looming shadows of economic and cultural crises, with special reference to the United States of America. It is undeniable that a strong political statement is applicable in narr ating the whole story in which there is the creation of a universal plight of the main characters through bringing together the personal, social, and political aspects of the whole scenario. At the end, the film director dramatizes connections, as well as contradictions existing between political realities in the